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November 2015
PRIMROSE MAGAMA and KHUTHADZO MUGODO, both from the ARC-Institute of Agricultural Engineering and SALOME MODISELLE, Economic Analysis Unit, ARC-Agricultural
Economics and Capacity Development
The aim of this article is to present the potential for local biogas production from the sugar cane industry in South Africa. The review of biogas production potential in this article was done alongside the analysis of the possibility of biogas production from different other agricultural and agro-waste streams in the country (such as the livestock industry, abattoir waste, the fruit processing sector as well as the brewery and winery industry).
Sugar cane industry outlook
The sugar cane industry makes a significant contribution to the South African economy. This is attributed to its agricultural and industrial investments, foreign exchange earnings, high employment and its linkages with major suppliers, support industries and customers. However, for the past decade the South African sugar cane industry has been grappling to come to terms with much tighter profit margins, mainly due to stagnant and in some areas even declining yields, combined with rising input costs.
In the coastal regions, the prevalence of Eldana (the African sugar cane borer) has forced growers to shorten their cutting cycles, impacting negatively on yields as well as the quality of cane delivered (BFAP, 2015).
In recent years yields have also been affected by exceptionally low rainfall conditions. Particularly during 2014 and 2015, the rainfall levels have dropped well below long-term average levels. Hence, the year 2015 will be remembered as the worst year of drought in 103 years.
The severity of the drought has impacted heavily on yield levels and consequently, the total cane production is projected to drop to 14,2 million tons in 2015, compared to 17,7 million tons in 2014 and 20,3 million tons in 2013 (BFAP, 2015).
There are 14 sugar mills operating in South Africa and they are owned by six companies. The mills operate for approximately 36 weeks of the year between April and December. The recent drought comes at a time where a number of mills have already been struggling with lower throughput and consequently lower profit margins for the past several years. Currently the energy supply is unreliable and energy costs have been increasing in South Africa. This adds pressure to an already troubled sugar cane industry.
Pressures on the industry have forced sugar cane industry participants to find ways to offset high operational costs. The industry has already invested in the renewable energy sector by producing energy from bagasse. Meanwhile, there are other kinds of by-products, such as filter cake and wastewater, which have been largely unused from an energy point of view.
It is estimated that the sugar cane industry generates 0,2 m3/ton - 1,8 m3/ton of wastewater with a high biological demand. Sugar wastewater, if disposed of in water bodies and left untreated, can contaminate surface and subsurface waters.
Current mainstream technologies for wastewater treatment, such as aerobic activated sludge and tertiary nutrient removal pro cesses have a limitation of not recovering valuable energy contained in the wastewater.
Calculation of the amount of biogas produced
Methodology
The theoretical amount of biogas presented by this desktop study is merely a guideline. It should be noted that the actual amount of biogas that can be realised will differ from that which are calculated. This is due to factors such as biogas digester efficiency, fluctuations in production levels and assumptions made during calculations.
Lastly, literature gave varying values of waste generation rates, chemical oxygen demand and biogas yields for the same waste residue. Hence in most cases the values used for calculations was at the discretion of the authors and conservative values were favoured.
Data regarding the amount of sugar cane crushed annually by each of the 14 mills was obtained from the South African Sugar Association (SASA) website.
For the 2014/2015 production season an estimate of 17,76 million tons of sugar cane was crushed. The amount of solid and liquid waste generated from sugar cane was calculated from the total sugar cane crushed per annum. The potential biogas production per annum was calculated using the potential biogas yield for each substrate.
For solid waste, the biogas volume per kilogram of volatile solid (m3/kg VS) was used. For liquid waste, the biogas volume per kilogram of chemical oxygen demand removed (m3/kg COD) was used. A calorific value of 6 kWh per cubic meter of biogas and an electricity generation efficiency of 30% were assumed for calculating the potential electricity generation.
The assumptions above were the basis for calculating the biogas production potential.
Biogas produced from the solid and liquid wastes
The main solid waste residues arising from sugar processing is bagasse and sugar filter mud/pressed cake. Bagasse residues were excluded from the calculations as they are already used as an energy source at mills. The amount of filter mud generated was calculated as a percentage of the total sugar cane crushed which is 5% (GIZ, 2014a), therefore filter mud generated for the 2014/2015 period amounted to 0,89 million tons.
Biogas yield for filter mud ranges between 20 m3 - 80 m3/ton. A conservative value of 25 m3/ton was used (GIZ, 2014b), giving a potential annual biogas production of 22,19 million m3. The amount of biogas that could potentially be produced from the solid waste (filter mud) generated from the 14 mills is shown in Table 1.
Wastewater generation averages 18 m3 per 100 tons of sugar cane crushed (Biogas Forum, 1999). This means that for the 2014/2015 production season, 3,2 million m3 of wastewater was generated.
A COD value of 2 kg/m3, 80% COD removal efficiency and a biogas yield of 500 m3/ton of COD (Biogas Forum, 1999) were used for calculating the biogas production potential. This gave a potential of 2,56 million m3 of biogas that could be produced from the sugar cane wastewater generated in the 2014/2015 production cycle. The solid and liquid waste generated form the main sugar mills in South Africa for the 2014/2015 season has a total biogas production potential of 24,75 million m3. Taking the calorific value of biogas to be 6 kWh/m3, the potential energy that could be recoverd from 24,75 million m3 of biogas is 148,50 GWh.
Assuming an electricity generation of 30%, this translates to 44,55 GWh of electricity. The potential biogas and potential en ergy recovery and electricity generation capacity for the sugar cane industry is summarised in Table 1.
Conclusion
The analysis in this article points to the fact that there is considerable potential for the South African sugar cane industry to further produce renewable energy from currently untapped solid and liquid waste by-products. This is waste material that could have otherwise polluted the environment.
References
Biogas Forum, 1999. Evaluation of biomethanation potential of selected industrial organic effluents in India. Biogas users survey 1998/199 in Nepal. Available from: http://www.bordanet.org/fileadmin/bordanet/Knowledge/Biogas/066%2525Biogas%Forum%25201999%2520II2520No%252077.pdf. Accessed 3 July 2015.
Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (2015). BFAP Baseline Agricultural Outlook 2015 - 2024.
GIZ, 2014a Project Opportunity Fact Sheet: Biogas potential from filter mud. Available on: https://www.giz.de/fachexpertise/downloads/giz-en-philippinen-biogaspotential- filter-mud-sugar-mills.pdf. Accessed 3 July 2015.
GIZ, 2014b. Project opportunity fact sheet: The Central Azucarera Don Pedro Use of bagasse and filter mud from sugar mills for energy. Available on: https://www.giz. de/fachexpertise/downloads/giz-en-philippinen-energy-biomass. http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/the-sweet-tale-of-sas-sugar-industry- 2009-07-03. http://staff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/132231624/Treatment%20of%20Sugar%20
Cane%20Wastewater_0.pdf. http://sphinxsai.com/2013/vol_5_3/pdf/CT=20(1246-1253)IPACT.pdf.
Publication: November 2015
Section: Focus on
