SA Graan Oktober 2018

ISSN 1814-1676

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van Graan SA nie.

•

The opinions expressed by contributors are their own.

They do not necessarily express the opinion of Grain SA.

• “Promosie-artikels” is betaalde artikels; terwyl “produk-

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ALLE regte van reproduksie van alle berigte, foto’s, teke

ninge, advertensies en alle ander materiaal wat in hierdie

tydskrif gepubliseer word, word hiermee uitdruklik voorbe

hou ingevolge die bepalings van Artikel 12(7) van die Wet

op Outeursreg Nr. 98 van 1978 en enige wysigings daarvan.

The cover photograph was submitted by

Wimpie Cronje from Umbila Boerdery

(Standerton).

Voorblad

Cover

Oktober 2018

Local and

imported

WHEAT QUALITY

scrutinised

heat contributed 79% to the

totalwinter cereal cropproduc-

tion in South Africa during the

2017/2018 production season.

The Southern African Grain Laboratory

(SAGL) received and analysed 304 samples

to provide as best possible a proportional

representation of the production of wheat

in all the different production regions.

See

Graph 1

for the percentage of sam-

ples graded per class and grade during this

season.

The majority of the samples (71%) down-

graded to utility grade was as a result of

either the percentage screenings ormainly

other grain and unthreshed ears, individu-

ally, or in combination with the combined

deviations, exceeding themaximum allow-

able level forgradesB1 toB4.Mostof these

downgraded samples originated from the

WesternCape.

GradeB1wheat in the FreeState amounted

to 51% (71% in the previous season). In the

irrigation areas 43% (52% in the previous

season) of thewheatwas graded as B1 and

in theWesternCape 48%was graded asB1

(22% in theprevious season).

The national whole wheat protein average

increased from 12% in the previous season

to 12,6%. The ten-year national average is

11,9%. This is the second highest average

since the 2004/2005 season and can be at-

tributed to theaboveaverageproteinvalues

observed in the winter rainfall area of the

WesternCapewhere severe drought condi-

tionswere experienced.

The winter rainfall area reported its high-

est protein average of 13,2% since the

start of this annual survey 20 years ago.

The irrigation areas averaged 11,9% and

the production regions in the Free State

12,6%. The percentage of samples having

protein contentshigher than 12% increased

from 47,8% last season to 63,5%. During

the 2015/2016 season this percentage was

68,2%. The protein content is reported on

a 12%moisturebasis.

Nationally

the average hectolitre mass

was 80,7 kg/hl, slightly lower than the

81,5 kg/hlof the 2016/2017 season.This val-

ue also compares verywellwith the eight-

year weighted average of 80,6 kg/hl for

determinations done by means of

the

Kern 222 instrument.

Of the 31 samples that reported values be-

low the77 kg/hlminimum level forgradeB1

wheat, 26 originated in theWestern Cape

(as can be expected due to the drought),

while the remaining five samplesoriginated

in the Free State production regions. The

regional averages ranged from 79,1 kg/hl in

theWesternCape to 83,2 kg/hl in the irriga-

tion areas.

The 1 000 kernelmass, reported on a 13%

moisture basis, decreased from 38,6 g

last season to 37,7 g this season. The

2015/2016 season’s average was 36,8 g.

Averagesoverproductionareasvaried from

36,2 g in theWestern Cape to 39,6 g in the

irrigation areas.

The weighted average percentage screen-

ings obtained with a 1,8mm slotted sieve

was 1,51%, 0,35% lower than the previous

season and also the lowest value in thepast

five seasons.Thewinter rainfallarea report-

ed the highest average percentage, namely

1,79% and the irrigation areas the lowest of

1,05%. 28 of the 304 samples exceeded the

3%maximum permissible screenings level

for grade B3 and of these eleven exceed-

ed the 4% maximum permissible level for

gradeB4.Mostof these samplesoriginated

in theWesternCape.

This season the average fallingnumberwas

371 sec. Five of the samples analysed gave

falling number values below 250 sec and

of these, four were below 220 sec. All but

one of these samples originated in the Free

State area, the other sample in theWestern

Cape. The highest average falling number

value of 385 sec,was reported for the irri-

gation areas. The results of this, aswell as

previous surveys,provideevidence that low

falling number values are generally not a

problem experienced inSouthAfrica.

See

Table 1

for a comparison of the aver-

age quality results of local wheat over the

past four seasons. It is interesting to note

that the average values of the 2017/2018

and

2015/2016

seasons’

farinograph,

alveograph and extensograph results are

almost identical, while the 2016/2017 and

RELEVANT

JOLANDANORTJÉ,

manager: Laboratory,SouthernAfricanGrain LaboratoryNPC

Graph 1:Percentageof samplesper class andgrade in the 2017/2018 season.

October 2018

2014/2015 results are very similar. A de-

crease in the alveogram distensibility with

a resulting increase in theP/Lvalue, is indic-

ativeof amore elasticdough.TheP/L value

isobtainedbydividing the stabilityvalue (P)

by thedistensibility value (L).

Mycotoxins

Mycotoxins,

toxic chemical compounds

producedbymoulds,cancontaminatecom-

moditieseither in the fieldorduring storage

and are invisible, odourless and tasteless.

Mycotoxin production is foremost a food

safety issue, although the occurrence of

moulds can also lead to damage ranging

from rancidity, odour, flavour changes, loss

of nutrients and germ layer destruction re-

sulting in a reduction inquality.Mostmyco-

toxins are toxic in very low concentrations

so this requires sensitive and reliablemeth-

ods for theirdetection.

According to the Food and Agriculture Or-

ganization, food losses due to mycotoxin

contamination are estimated at 25% on a

global scale and pose a real threat to food

security, especially in Africa where the

magnitude of losses is difficult to estimate

because of a lack of information. Effective

management to prevent food losses or ad-

verse health effects as a result of long-term

exposure to contaminated food isonlypos-

sible when adequate reliable testing data

is available. Well-timed

interventions

the food and feed value chain can then be

basedon these testing results.

The accredited multi-mycotoxin assess-

ments included in the annual wheat crop

quality survey for the past eight seasons,

provide themost comprehensive overview

of the multi-mycotoxin risk in commercial

wheat produced and delivered to commer-

cial grain storage companies in South Af-

rica. 40wheat samples, randomly selected

to represent different regions as well as

grades, are analysed annually.

An absence of Aflatoxin B

, B

, G

, Fu-

monisin B

, B

, Ochratoxin A, Zearale-

none, T2-toxin and HT-2 toxin in thewheat

samples over the past seven seasonswere

confirmed in the 2017/2018 season. The

samples that did test positive for Deoxyni-

valenol (DON) residues this season, were

all well below national and international

maximum residue levels, aswas the case in

previous seasons. The average value of the

seven positive resultswas 202 μg/kg (ppb)

and the highest value obtained 570 μg/kg.

Last season, four samples tested positive

for DON residueswith an average value of

289 μg/kg (ppb), the highest value obtained

was 501 μg/kg.

Constant monitoring and continued re-

search on the prevention andmitigation of

mycotoxin contamination are necessary.

Application of good agricultural practices

and storage conditions aswell as effective

mycotoxin risk management programmes

are essential elements in preventing the

negative effectsofmycotoxins.

Production overview

The commercial wheat crop of the 2017/

2018 season was set at 1,535million tons,

which is375000 tons (19,6%) lower than the

previous season’s crop and also 16% lower

than the ten-year production average of

1 826 800 tons (2007/2008 to 2016/2017

seasons).A total areaof 491 600hawasuti-

lised forwheat production and the average

yieldwas 3,12 t/ha.

A severely drought strickenWestern Cape

produced 586 800 tons of wheat this sea-

son, contributing 38,2% of the total crop,

compared to the 57,5% of the previous

season. The Free State’swheat production

(336 000 tons) was the highest of the past

five seasons. This figurewas also the sec-

ond highest nationally. The irrigation ar-

eas of the Northern Cape, the third largest

wheat producing area this season, pro-

duced 311 650 tons, 45 650 tonsmore than

last season. The remainder of the wheat

was produced mainly

in Limpopo with

132 000 tons, representing an increase of

27%compared to the2016/2017 seasonand

NorthWest Province,where production in-

creasedby 20% to 83 700 tons.

QUALITYPARAMETER

SEASON

2017/2018

2016/2017

2015/2016

2014/2015

Flourprotein (12%mb),%

11,3

11,2

11,8

10,7

*KonicaMinolta colour, L*

93,78

93,71

93,78

93,77

*KonicaMinolta colour,b*

9,84

10,12

9,75

9,72

Wetgluten (14%mb),%

30,7

31,9

28,9

Drygluten (14%mb),%

10,4

10,5

11,0

9,8

Farinogram absorption (14%mb),%

60,3

60,1

60,8

59,5

Farinogramdevelopment time,min

5,5

5,2

5,8

5,3

Farinogram stability,min

8,0

8,3

8,0

8,3

Alveogram strength, cm

39,2

37,0

38,3

38,1

Alveogram stability,mm

Alveogramdistensibility,mm

115

135

115

133

AlveogramP/L

0,81

0,57

0,75

0,59

Extensogram strength, cm

106

105

Mixogrampeak time,min

2,6

2,7

Bread volume 100g, cm

1 096

1 040

1 047

889

*CIELAB L*a*b*

TABLE 1:AVERAGEQUALITYOF LOCALWHEATOVER FOURSEASONS.

14%

47%

COW

25%

Relevant

Produksiepotensiaal – ’n eenvoudige berekening

The who’s who of soil health

Conversion to no-tillage: Perspectives from Argentina

Voorkom dié foute met bewaringslandbou

Van geen- tot strookbewerking – spoedsonthalwe

aktueel

relevant

Local and imported wheat quality scrutinised

102 Grain SA/Sasol photo competition:

That’s not the image I wanted

104

Boer slim met tegnologiese toepassings

109

Landbouleiers voltooi bestuursprogram

110 Graantrusts ondersteun volhoubaarheid

Deel 1: Mielietrust

110

Topprys vir bul met sterk teelwaardes

rubrieke

features

4 Graan SA Standpunt:

Landbouplan: Wat kom eerste?

5 Grain SA Point of View:

Plan for agriculture: What comes first?

7 Uit die Woord

7 Op die kantlyn

112 E-posse:

Hoe kry ons die tandepasta terug in die buis?